I. Complete the
following sentences: (30 marks)
1. To build a 3D
static model you need …..................................................,
..…………………
…………….,……………………………… and…………………………………………
2. Petrel user
interface include ………………………………., ……………………………....,
……………………………………,……………..……………..,and
………………………
3. The main
steps required to build 3D geological model are ………………………………..
……………,…………………………………………………………, …………….……….
……..………………………………..,
……………………………………………..………,
…………………………………..…, ……………………………………………………….,
………………………………………, ……………………………………………………..,
……………………………………….., …………………………………………………….,
………………………………………. and ………………………………………………….
4. Well data
include …………………………….., …………..…………………………, ……
……………….. and ……………………………
5. Fault
polygons can be projected on …………………………
by clicking Z = ….. ….in
the…………………………..… tape.
6. To displaying
well logs in a specified order, with the available logs and well tops, need
to open
……………………………………
7. To display and
add wells in 3D window you need to activate ………………………..
under…….………………… modeling and click ……………….……
in well Correlation
3D toolbar.
8. Grouping logs
in petrel 2004 by ……………………………., and in Petrel 2007 by …….
……………………….
9. To complete
the fault modeling, you have to do …………………..…………………..
……,……………………………….. ………………………………., …………………..…….
………………………………………, ………………………………..…………………….…
…,…………………………………………….., ……………………………………..………,
…………………………………………, ……………………………………………………..,
………………………………………….., ……………………………………………………,
…………………………………………and
…………………………………………..steps.
10. You can
create faults from ……………………….……...., ………………….………..…..
and ……………………………………………….
11. You can edit
key pillars by ………………………………..……………, …………………
…………………………., ……………………………………….. and …………………….
…………………………………….. tools.
12. To adjust
all the key pillar you have to go to …………....................... the fault
modeling
and your top limit is and a.
…………….……surface and toggle on …………………..
on the settings of the dialog box.
13. Quality
control (QC) for skeleton grid control is made by ……………………………...
…………, ……………………………………………….
14. The main
elements of 3D Grid in Petrel model panel are:
1. ……………………………, 2. …………………………… ,3. …………………………
4. ……………………………, 5………………………………..., 6.
……………………..
7. ………………………………, 8 ………………………………
15. Vertical
layering in the 3D grid includes
….................................................., .……………
……………………… , ………………………………… and
……………..………………
16. The number
of zones inserted between two horizons depend on the number of ………
……….. available.
17. Follow base
of layering means………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
18. Follow Top:
of layering means………………. …………..………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………
19. Fraction in
layering means ………………………………………………………………..
…………… …………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
20.
Geometrical Modeling mean ……………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
, such as ………. ………………………, ……………………………….………
II. Put line
under the correct answer: (13 marks)
1. Petrel format
for fault polygons is [Zmap+ grid (ASCII) (*.*), ASCII (*.*), Zmap+line
(ASCII) (*.*)], while the domain is
[surface, Line, elevation time] and the line type is
[fault Polygons,
fault sticks, others]
2. Petrel format
for Isochore Data is [Siseworks Horizon Pick (ASCII) (*.*), Well Log
(LAS 3.0) (*.las), Zmap+ grid (ASCII) (*.*)]
and the template domain is [lines,
surfaces, thickness depth].
3. Petrel format
for Well Tops is [Siseworks Horizon Pick (ASCII) (*.*), ASCII/Binary
(*.*), Well heads (*.*)].
4. To import our
Demo Seismic lines in Petrel 2007, the format is [Siseworks Horizon Pick
(ASCII) (*.*), Well Log (LAS 3.0)
(*.las), Zmap+ line (ASCII) (*.*), General Lines/ Points (ASCII)
(*.*)] and the domain is [elevation time, elevation depth, thickness
depth].
5. To import
fault sticks in Petrel, the format is [Well Log (LAS 3.0) (*.las), Zmap+ line
(ASCII) (*.*),Well Path deviation
(ASCII) (*.*)], while the domain is [elevation depth,
elevation time, thickness depth] and the line type is [others,
fault sticks, fault
polygons].
6. To create a
reservoir project boundary you need to open a [new 3D window, new 2D
window,
well section window].
7. You can
create fault polygons on [time horizon in the interpretation folder, 3D
surface,
an
Isochore surface].
8. You can do
Pillar gridding in a [3D Window, 2D window, map view window].
9. You can do 3D
grid [after determination of J & I directions, without determination
of J
& I directions, with the determination of J
direction only].
10. Creating
grid boundary and segment grid boundary occur using [2D window, 3D
window, map view window].
11. You can do
facies modeling [before scale up well logs, after scale up well logs, after
well
correlation directly].
12. Vertical
layering in the 3D grid includes [make horizons/ zones/ depth conversion and
layers, make isochores, make 3D
surfaces]
13. The number
of zones inserted between two horizons depends on the number of
[isochores, 3D surfaces, fault polygons]
provided.
III. Put (√) or
(X) beside the following sentences: (17 marks)
1. You can do
facies modeling before scale up well logs ( ).
2. You can do
petrophysical modeling before scale up logs. ( ).
3. You can do volumetric
calculations before defining the fluid contacts. ( ).
4. You can not
drop stoiip map on the depth surface. ( ).
5. Stoiip map
show you where in the highest concentration of oil. ( ).
6. Volumes can
be calculated exactly within zones. ( ).
7. The Contact
Set can be created based on a constant depth value or a surface. (
).
8. You can visualize the contact set in map view. ( ).
9. You can not
visualize the contact set as Property in 3D grid. ( ).
10. In the
deterministic modeling (Petrophysical Modeling) the method for zones/facies is
Sequential Gaussian
Simulation. (
).
11. In the
Stochastic modeling (Petrophysical Modeling) the method for zones/facies is
Moving average
interpolation.
( ).
12. The water
saturation in the hydrocarbon zone is a function of height above the fluid
contact, permeability and
porosity. ( ).
13. Petrel
format for fault polygons Zmap+ grid (ASCII) (*.*) and the type is
surface.( ).
14. Petrel
format for Isochore Data is Siseworks Horizon Pick (ASCII) (*.*). (
).
15. Petrel
format for Well heads is path/deviation ASCII (*.*). ( ).
16. To import
Seismic lines in Petrel 2007, the format is Zmap+ grid (ASCII) (*.*). ( ).
17. To import
fault sticks in Petrel, the domain is elevation depth. ( ).
IV. Write short
note on: (40 marks)
1.
History
of petrel software.
(10 marks)
2.
Petrel
application in Geophysics. 10 marks)
3.
Petrel
application in Geology.
(10 marks)
4.
Petrel
applications reservoir Engineering and drilling. (10 marks)
Modal answer
Answer the
following Questions:
I. Complete the
following sentences: (30 marks)
1. To build a 3D
static model you need Reservoir Data, Petrel User
Interface, Main
Steps to
Building a New Static Model
and Creating a New Project.
2. Petrel user
interface include Display Window, Project Explorer, Process
Diagram, Toolbars
and Changing the
Background Color of a 3D Window.
3.
3. The main
steps required to build 3D geological model are Data Import, Input Data
Editing, Well Correlation, Fault Modeling, Pillar Gridding, Vertical Layering,
Geometrical Property Modeling, Upscaling in the Vertical Direction-Well Logs
Upscaling, Facies Modeling, Petrophysical Modeling and Defining Fluid Contacts, and volume
calculations.
4. Well data
include well heads, well deviation, well logs and well tops.
5. Fault
polygons can be projected on 3D surface by clicking Z =A in the calculation
tape.
6. To displaying
well logs in a specified order, with the available logs and well tops, need to
open new well section window.
7. To display
and add wells in 3D window you need to activate correlation under
stratigraphic modeling and click add well
to well section in well Correlation 3D
toolbar.
8. Grouping logs
in petrel 2004 by group panel and in Petrel 2007 by Track panel
9. To complete the
fault modeling, you have to do Defining a New Model, Creating
Faults from Fault Polygons, Editing Key
Pillars, Building Key Pillars from
Fault Polygons, Connecting Faults,
Disconnecting Faults, Creating
Branched and Crossing Faults, Creating
Faults from Selected Fault Sticks,
Creating Faults from All Fault Sticks,
Automatic Generation of Faults,
Automatic Connection of Faults, and
Automatic Adjustment of Key
Pillars steps.
10. You can
create faults from pre-prepared fault polygons, fault sticks and created
fault polygons on a 3D surface
11. You can edit
key pillars by move along line tangent, move in vertical plane, Free
movement, and select
shape points tools.
12. To adjust
all the key pillar you have to go to operation tape of the fault modeling
and your top limit is and a 3D surface and
toggle on cut/extend on the settings of the
dialog box.
13. Quality
control (QC) for skeleton grid control is made by J and I intersections
planes and general
intersection plane
14. The main
elements of 3D Grid in Petrel model panel are:
Skeleton, 2. Faults
,3. Horizons 4. Edges , 5. intersections, 6. properties,
7. filters
8. zones
15. Vertical
layering in the 3D grid includes Make Horizons, Depth
Conversion, Make
Zones and Make Layers
16. The number
of zones inserted between two horizons depend on the number of isochores
available.
17. Follow base
of layering means the layers will be truncated towards the top
horizon. The user defines the cell
thickness
18. Follow Top:
of layering means the layers will be truncated towards the base
horizon. For the above two options you
can also choose to use a reference
surface, i.e. specify a surface which will
be used as the surface to build from.
The surface can take any shape, and it
must exist in the Petrel Explorer in
order to be used.
19. Fraction in
layering means actually a proportional way of building the layers
but you can specify relative thickness between layers.
For instance: 1, 2, 1
will generate three layers and the mid
layer will be twice as thick as the top
and base layers.
20. Geometrical
Modeling mean the process where you can use some pre-defined
functions to generate properties such as
Bulk Volume, Depth, Height above
Contact.
II. Put line
under the correct answer: (13 marks)
1. Petrel format
for fault polygons is [Zmap+ grid (ASCII) (*.*), ASCII (*.*), Zmap+line
(ASCII) (*.*)], while the
domain is [surface, Line, elevation time] and the line type is
[faultPolygons, fault sticks, others]
2. Petrel format
for Isochore Data is [Siseworks Horizon Pick (ASCII) (*.*), Well Log
(LAS 3.0) (*.las), Zmap+ grid (ASCII) (*.*)] and the template
domain is [lines, surfaces,
thickness depth].
3. Petrel format
for Well Tops is [Siseworks Horizon Pick (ASCII) (*.*), ASCII/Binary
(*.*), Well heads (*.*)].
4. To import
Seismic lines in Petrel 2007, the format is [Siseworks Horizon Pick
(ASCII) (*.*), Well Log (LAS
3.0) (*.las), Zmap+ line (ASCII) (*.*)] and the domain is [elevation
time, elevation depth, thickness depth].
5. To import
fault sticks in Petrel, the format is [Well Log (LAS 3.0) (*.las), Zmap+ line
(ASCII) (*.*),Well Path
deviation (ASCII) (*.*)], while the domain is [elevation depth,
elevation time, thickness depth] and the line type is [others, fault
sticks, fault
polygons].
6. To create a
reservoir project boundary you need to open a [new 3D window, new 2D
window, well section window].
7. You can
create fault polygons on [time horizon in the interpretation folder, 3D
surface, an Isochore surface].
8. You can do
Pillar gridding in a [3D Window, 2D window, map view window].
9. You can do 3D
grid [after determination of J & I directions, without
determination of J & I directions, with
the determination of J direction only].
10. Creating
grid boundary and segment grid boundary occur using [2D window,
3D window, map view window].
11. You can do
facies modeling [before scale up well logs, after scale up well logs,
after well correlation directly].
12. Vertical
layering in the 3D grid includes [make horizons/ zones/ depth conversion
and
layers, make isochores, make 3D
surfaces]
13. The number
of zones inserted between two horizons depends on the number of [isochores, 3D surfaces, fault polygons] provided.
III. Put (√) or
(X) beside the following sentences: 17 marks)
1. You can do
facies modeling before scale up well logs (X).
2. You can do
petrophysical modeling before scale up logs. (X).
3. You can do
volumetric calculations before defining the fluid contacts. (X).
4. You can not
drop stoiip map on the depth surface. (√).
5. Stoiip map
show you where in the highest concentration of oil. (√).
6. Volumes can
be calculated exactly within zones. (√).
7. The Contact
Set can be created based on a constant depth value or a surface. (√).
8. You can
visualize the contact set in map view. (√).
9. You can not
visualize the contact set as Property in 3D grid. (X).
10. In the
deterministic modeling (Petrophysical Modeling) the method for zones/facies is
Sequential Gaussian
Simulation.
(X).
11. In the
Stochastic modeling (Petrophysical Modeling) the method for zones/facies is
Moving average
interpolation. (X).
12. The water
saturation in the hydrocarbon zone is a function of height above the fluid
contact, permeability and
porosity. (√).
13. Petrel format for fault
polygons Zmap+ grid (ASCII) (*.*) and the type is surface. (X).
14. Petrel
format for Isochore Data is Siseworks
Horizon Pick (ASCII) (*.*).
(X).
15. Petrel
format for Well heads is path/deviation ASCII (*.*). (X).
16. To import
Seismic lines in Petrel 2007, the format is Zmap+ grid (ASCII) (*.*). (X).
17. To import
fault sticks in Petrel, the domain is elevation depth. (X).
IV. Write short
note on: (40 marks)
5.
History
of petrel software. (10 marks)
6.
Petrel
Geophysics.
(10 marks)
7.
Petrel
Geology.
(10 marks)
8.
Petrel
reservoir Engineering and drilling.
(10 marks)
1.
History of
petrel software.
Petrel is a Schlumberger owned Windows PC software
application intended to aggregate oil reservoir data from multiple sources.
Petrel Allows the user to interpret seismic data, build reservoir models
suitable for simulation, submit and visualize simulation results, and design
development strategies to maximize reservoir exploitation.
Petrel software – Norway-by
company called Technoguide, 1996.
Petrel for PCs and commercially
available in 1998.
In 2002, Schlumberger acquired Technoguide and the Petrel software tools
and they now currently support and market Petrel.
Petrel offers new functionality in each new release, not only in geological
modeling but also seismic interpretation, uncertainty, well planning and links
to the industry standard simulators, Eclipse and
FrontSim.
2.
Petrel
application in Geophysics.
1- Petrel
seismic software allows for rapid 2D & 3D seismic interpretation.
2. Automated
structural interpretation by automatically extracted horizons
and fault surfaces
3. Exploration
geophysics by Interpret regional 2D and
3D projects at your
Pc desktop.
4. Domain
conversion backwards and forwards between
time and depth
5. Seismic
sampling by Convert your seismic data to depth and resample the
seismic attribute into the 3D structural
grid
6. Quickly
visualize and detect anomalies in your seismic data and directly
input the extracted objects into your 3D
model for enhanced facies
classification.
7. Synthetic
seismogram as a bridge the gap between your time and depth
domains.
3.
Petrel
application in Geology.
Identifying and
recovering hydrocarbons requires an accurate, high resolution geological model
of the reservoir structure and stratigraphy. The geology capabilities found
within Petrel, all seamlessly unified with the geophysical and reservoir
engineering tools, enable an integrated study by providing an accurate static
reservoir description that evolves with the reservoir.
With the new
Petrel Fracture Modeling module you can create discrete fracture networks for
fracture reservoirs based on well log interpretation and/or seismic data in 3D
and integrate them seamlessly in the reservoir model. Upscale the fracture
properties to the simulation model and use the results directly in simulation.
Display and
organize your logs in a flexible 2D visualization environment. Edit well tops
interactively in 2D or 3D and estimate logs using the powerful well log
calculator.
Facies modeling:
Estimate your facies distributions using a variety of pixel and object based
stochastic and deterministic methods.
Petrophysical
modeling: Distribute continuous petrophysical properties into your 3D model
using an assortment of algorithms including 1, 2, 3D trends, facies models and
seismic data.
Fault analysis
by Calculating fluid flow properties and sealing potential for faults in a
Petrel model. Use results directly in simulation without leaving Petrel
4. Petrel applicatioreservoir Engineering
and drilling.
With your
reservoir model in place, use the Petrel simulation workflow to perform
streamline simulation, reduce uncertainty and assist in future well planning.
Advanced up-scaling techniques allow you to recreate geologically accurate
models for full reservoir simulation.
Advanced Gridding and Upscaling
Resample and
re-grid fine-scale geological models to coarser-scale simulation models using a
wide range of upscaling techniques.
FrontSim
Rank and screen reservoir models in a dynamic environment by combining ECLIPSE
FrontSim streamline technology with Petrel 3D modeling for more accurate
production forecasting and better decisions.
History Match Analysis
Assists in the
analysis of history matching studies by computing and visualizing statistics
comparing simulated with actual history
Reservoir Engineering Core
Build and run
your ECLIPSE simulation models and analyze your results directly from within Pe
Write
on Editing key pillar in Petrel 2007
(50 marks)
Model answer
Editing
key pillar in Petrel 2007:
After
you have created a fault you may want to do some fine-tuning on a specific Key
Pillar or on the whole fault. Petrel has the option to edit single Shape Points
or pillars as well as a selection of Shape Points or pillars. To select more
than one, press the Shift key as you make your selection. The Fault Modeling
and hence editing of Key Pillars is a very important step in making an accurate
and reliable Petrel model. The Key Pillars should describe the fault planes as
defined by the input data. It is possible to edit on a complete fault, a single
Key Pillar or a shape point X, Y and Z directions, which makes the editing on
faults very flexible. Automatically constructed Key Pillars are often malformed
and often it is necessary to add new Pillars between key pillars and to the end
of a fault then modify their shape. You have to insert Key Pillars between
existing pillars when a fault’s shape contains more detail than the existing
Pillar spacing can represent. Use the tool for add Pillars to end of
fault and add pillar between. Editing of shape points and/or entire Key Pillars will be
required to more closely fit the input data. This editing may require adding
more shape points to the pillar to achieve the desired form. All Key Pillars in
a fault don’t necessarily need the same number of shape points.
To edit key pillars, follow the steps:
1. Open a
new 3D Window,
2. Display
a few of the faults (Key Pillars) to be edited,
3. Toggle
on the checkbox next to all of the faults in the Fault Model folder,
4. Display
available input data to use as a guide and be sure that the fault polygons or
other data used to create the Pillars are visible in the 3D window,
5. Click on the Toggle
fill icon to make it easier when editing the
plane between Key Pillars is filled with color,
6. The tools used for moving points and lines in Petrel is the widget,
7. Knowing that select a Key
Pillar by clicking on one of the shape points, the
widget will appear. It consists of a plane and a cylinder,
8. Click on the plane
to turn it yellow and edit in a plane normal to the cylinder,
9. Click on the
cylinder (so it turns yellow) to edit along the tangent of the cylinder. Be
sure that you are in the Set Select/Pick
Mode [P]
10. Press the left mouse button on the widget and
move the Key Pillar or the shape point,
11. Make
sure the Move Along Line Tangent Only tool is active. This tool limits the movement to the tangent of
the Key Pillar and it is a very intuitive way of editing the Key Pillars, as
shown below
12. To select only one
shape point, make sure the Select
Shape Points icon is active,
13. To select an entire
Key Pillar make the Select Pillars icon active as shown below. If you click on the line between Key
Pillars, all shape points at that level will be selected,
14. If you click on the line between Key Pillars while having the “Select
Pillars” icon active, all Key Pillars will be selected. To select only a
few Key Pillars/shape points, click on those that you want to select while
pressing the shift key,
15. Check that the fault
model has the correct orientation by displaying the top and base horizons. If
not, edit them as described above.
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