بنك الاسئلة EPS 1ST 2010 443


 

I. Complete the following sentences: (30 marks)

 

1. To build a 3D static model you need ….................................................., ..…………………

       …………….,……………………………… and…………………………………………

 

2. Petrel user interface include ………………………………., ……………………………....,

       ……………………………………,……………..……………..,and ………………………

 

3. The main steps required to build 3D geological model are ………………………………..

       ……………,…………………………………………………………, …………….……….

       ……..……………………………….., ……………………………………………..………,

      …………………………………..…, ……………………………………………………….,

       ………………………………………, ……………………………………………………..,

      ……………………………………….., …………………………………………………….,

      ………………………………………. and ………………………………………………….

 

4. Well data include …………………………….., …………..…………………………, …… 

      ……………….. and  ……………………………

 

5. Fault polygons can be projected on   ………………………… by clicking Z = ….. ….in

      the…………………………..… tape.

 

6. To displaying well logs in a specified order, with the available logs and well tops, need

      to open  ……………………………………

 

7. To display and add wells in 3D window you need to activate ………………………..

    under…….………………… modeling and click ……………….…… in well Correlation

       3D toolbar.

 

8. Grouping logs in petrel 2004 by ……………………………., and in Petrel 2007 by …….

     ……………………….

 

9. To complete the fault modeling, you have to do …………………..…………………..

  ……,……………………………….. ………………………………., …………………..…….

    ………………………………………, ………………………………..…………………….…

    …,…………………………………………….., ……………………………………..………,

   …………………………………………, ……………………………………………………..,

    ………………………………………….., ……………………………………………………,

    …………………………………………and …………………………………………..steps.

 

10. You can create faults from ……………………….……...., ………………….………..…..

       and ……………………………………………….

 

11. You can edit key pillars by ………………………………..……………, …………………

     …………………………., ………………………………………..  and …………………….

      …………………………………….. tools.

 

12. To adjust all the key pillar you have to go to …………....................... the fault modeling

         and your top limit is and a. …………….……surface and toggle on …………………..

         on the settings of the dialog box.

 

13. Quality control (QC) for skeleton grid control is made by  ……………………………...

         …………, ……………………………………………….

14. The main elements of 3D Grid in Petrel model panel are:

       1. ……………………………, 2. …………………………… ,3. …………………………

       4. ……………………………, 5………………………………..., 6. ……………………..

       7. ………………………………, 8 ………………………………

 

15. Vertical layering in the 3D grid includes ….................................................., .……………

       ……………………… , ………………………………… and ……………..………………

 

16. The number of zones inserted between two horizons depend on the number of ………

        ……….. available.

 

17. Follow base of layering means………………………………………………………………

      ………………………………………………………………………………………………….

    ……………………………………………………………………………………….

 

18. Follow Top: of layering means………………. …………..………………………………

      ………………………………………………………………………………………………….

      ……………………………………………………………………………………

 

19. Fraction in layering means ………………………………………………………………..

      …………… …………………………………………………………………………………

     …………………………………………………………………………………………………

 

20. Geometrical Modeling mean ……………………………………………………….

      ……………………………………………………………………………………………….

     , such as ………. ………………………, ……………………………….………

II. Put line under the correct answer: (13 marks)

 

1. Petrel format for fault polygons is [Zmap+ grid (ASCII) (*.*), ASCII (*.*), Zmap+line

     (ASCII) (*.*)], while the domain is [surface, Line, elevation time] and the line type is

       [fault Polygons, fault sticks, others]

 

2. Petrel format for Isochore Data is [Siseworks Horizon Pick (ASCII) (*.*), Well Log

      (LAS 3.0) (*.las), Zmap+ grid (ASCII) (*.*)] and the template domain is [lines,

       surfaces, thickness depth].

 

3. Petrel format for Well Tops is [Siseworks Horizon Pick (ASCII) (*.*), ASCII/Binary

     (*.*), Well heads (*.*)].

 

4. To import our Demo Seismic lines in Petrel 2007, the format is [Siseworks Horizon Pick (ASCII) (*.*), Well Log (LAS  3.0) (*.las), Zmap+ line (ASCII) (*.*), General Lines/ Points (ASCII) (*.*)] and the domain is [elevation time, elevation depth, thickness depth].

 

5. To import fault sticks in Petrel, the format is [Well Log (LAS  3.0) (*.las), Zmap+ line

     (ASCII) (*.*),Well Path deviation (ASCII) (*.*)], while the domain is [elevation depth,

      elevation time, thickness  depth] and the line type is [others, fault sticks, fault

       polygons].

 

6. To create a reservoir project boundary you need to open a [new 3D window, new 2D

      window,  well section window].

 

7. You can create fault polygons on [time horizon in the interpretation folder, 3D surface,

     an  Isochore surface].

 

8. You can do Pillar gridding in a [3D Window, 2D window, map view window].  

 

9. You can do 3D grid [after determination of J & I directions, without determination of J

     & I  directions, with the determination of J direction only].

 

10. Creating grid boundary and segment grid boundary occur using [2D window, 3D

       window,  map view window].

 

11. You can do facies modeling [before scale up well logs, after scale up well logs, after

       well  correlation directly].

 

12. Vertical layering in the 3D grid includes [make horizons/ zones/ depth conversion and

          layers, make isochores, make 3D surfaces]

 

13. The number of zones inserted between two horizons depends on the number of

       [isochores,   3D surfaces, fault polygons] provided.

 

III. Put (√) or (X) beside the following sentences: (17 marks)

 

1. You can do facies modeling before scale up well logs                           (   ).

 

2. You can do petrophysical modeling before scale up logs.                    (   ).

 

3. You can do volumetric calculations before defining the fluid contacts.              (    ).

 

4. You can not drop stoiip map on the depth surface.                             (    ).

 

5. Stoiip map show you where in the highest concentration of oil.               (   ).

 

6. Volumes can be calculated exactly within zones.                           (    ).

 

7. The Contact Set can be created based on a constant depth value or a surface.     (    ).

 

8. You can visualize the contact set in map view.                      (    ).

 

9. You can not visualize the contact set as Property in 3D grid.              (    ).

 

10. In the deterministic modeling (Petrophysical Modeling) the method for zones/facies is

                       Sequential Gaussian Simulation.                           (    ).  

 

11. In the Stochastic modeling (Petrophysical Modeling) the method for zones/facies is

                       Moving average interpolation.                              (   ).

 

12. The water saturation in the hydrocarbon zone is a function of height above the fluid

                     contact, permeability and porosity.                        (    ).

  

13. Petrel format for fault polygons Zmap+ grid (ASCII) (*.*) and the type is surface.(    ).

 

 

14. Petrel format for Isochore Data is Siseworks Horizon Pick (ASCII) (*.*).           (    ).

 

 

15. Petrel format for Well heads is path/deviation ASCII (*.*).                 (    ).

 

 

16. To import Seismic lines in Petrel 2007, the format is Zmap+ grid (ASCII) (*.*).    (    ).

 

 

17. To import fault sticks in Petrel, the domain is elevation depth.                 (    ).

 

IV. Write short note on: (40 marks)

1.      History of petrel software.                                                    (10 marks)

2.      Petrel application in Geophysics.                                         10 marks)

3.      Petrel application in Geology.                                               (10 marks)

4.      Petrel applications reservoir Engineering and drilling.     (10 marks)

 

 

 

Modal answer

 

Answer the following Questions:

 

I. Complete the following sentences: (30 marks)

 

1. To build a 3D static model you need Reservoir Data, Petrel User Interface, Main

     Steps to  Building a New Static Model and Creating a New Project.

 

2. Petrel user interface include Display Window, Project Explorer, Process

    Diagram, Toolbars  and Changing the Background Color of a 3D Window.

 

3.      3. The main steps required to build 3D geological model are Data Import, Input Data Editing, Well Correlation, Fault Modeling, Pillar Gridding, Vertical Layering, Geometrical Property Modeling, Upscaling in the Vertical Direction-Well Logs Upscaling, Facies Modeling, Petrophysical Modeling  and Defining Fluid Contacts, and volume calculations.

 

4. Well data include well heads, well deviation, well logs and well tops.

 

5. Fault polygons can be projected on 3D surface by clicking Z =A in the calculation

    tape.

 

6. To displaying well logs in a specified order, with the available logs and well tops, need to open new well section window.

 

7. To display and add wells in 3D window you need to activate correlation under 

     stratigraphic modeling and click add well to well section in well Correlation 3D

     toolbar.

 

8. Grouping logs in petrel 2004 by group panel and in Petrel 2007 by Track panel

 

9. To complete the fault modeling, you have to do Defining a New Model, Creating

       Faults from Fault Polygons, Editing Key Pillars, Building Key Pillars from

       Fault Polygons, Connecting Faults, Disconnecting Faults, Creating

        Branched and Crossing Faults, Creating Faults from Selected Fault Sticks,

       Creating Faults from All Fault Sticks, Automatic Generation of Faults,

       Automatic Connection of Faults, and Automatic Adjustment of Key

        Pillars steps.

 

10. You can create faults from pre-prepared fault polygons, fault sticks and created

       fault polygons on a 3D surface

 

11. You can edit key pillars by move along line tangent, move in vertical plane, Free

       movement, and select shape points tools.

 

12. To adjust all the key pillar you have to go to operation tape of the fault modeling

         and your top limit is and a 3D surface and toggle on cut/extend on the settings of the

          dialog box.

 

13. Quality control (QC) for skeleton grid control is made by  J and I intersections

        planes and general intersection plane

 

14. The main elements of 3D Grid in Petrel model panel are:

       Skeleton, 2. Faults ,3. Horizons 4. Edges , 5. intersections, 6. properties, 7. filters

       8. zones

 

15. Vertical layering in the 3D grid includes Make Horizons, Depth Conversion, Make

       Zones and Make Layers

 

16. The number of zones inserted between two horizons depend on the number of isochores available.

 

17. Follow base of layering means the layers will be truncated towards the top

      horizon. The user defines the cell thickness

 

18. Follow Top: of layering means the layers will be truncated towards the base

      horizon. For the above two options you can also choose to use a reference

     surface, i.e. specify a surface which will be used as the surface to build from.

     The surface can take any shape, and it must exist in the Petrel Explorer in

     order to be used.

 

19. Fraction in layering means actually a proportional way of building the layers

      but you can  specify relative thickness between layers. For instance: 1, 2, 1

     will generate three layers and the mid layer will be twice as thick as the top

     and base layers.

 

20. Geometrical Modeling mean the process where you can use some pre-defined

       functions to generate properties such as Bulk Volume, Depth, Height above

     Contact.

 

II. Put line under the correct answer: (13 marks)

 

1. Petrel format for fault polygons is [Zmap+ grid (ASCII) (*.*), ASCII (*.*), Zmap+line

     (ASCII) (*.*)], while the domain is [surface, Line, elevation time] and the line type is [faultPolygons, fault sticks, others]

 

2. Petrel format for Isochore Data is [Siseworks Horizon Pick (ASCII) (*.*), Well Log (LAS 3.0) (*.las), Zmap+ grid (ASCII) (*.*)] and the template domain is [lines, surfaces,

       thickness depth].

 

3. Petrel format for Well Tops is [Siseworks Horizon Pick (ASCII) (*.*), ASCII/Binary (*.*), Well heads (*.*)].

 

4. To import Seismic lines in Petrel 2007, the format is [Siseworks Horizon Pick (ASCII) (*.*), Well Log (LAS  3.0) (*.las), Zmap+ line (ASCII) (*.*)] and the domain is [elevation time, elevation depth, thickness depth].

 

5. To import fault sticks in Petrel, the format is [Well Log (LAS  3.0) (*.las), Zmap+ line

     (ASCII) (*.*),Well Path deviation (ASCII) (*.*)], while the domain is [elevation depth,

      elevation time, thickness  depth] and the line type is [others, fault sticks, fault

      polygons].

 

6. To create a reservoir project boundary you need to open a [new 3D window, new 2D

      window,  well section window].

 

7. You can create fault polygons on [time horizon in the interpretation folder, 3D surface, an  Isochore surface].

 

8. You can do Pillar gridding in a [3D Window, 2D window, map view window].  

 

9. You can do 3D grid [after determination of J & I directions, without determination of J & I  directions, with the determination of J direction only].

 

10. Creating grid boundary and segment grid boundary occur using [2D window, 3D window,  map view window].

 

11. You can do facies modeling [before scale up well logs, after scale up well logs, after  well   correlation directly].

 

12. Vertical layering in the 3D grid includes [make horizons/ zones/ depth conversion and

          layers, make isochores, make 3D surfaces]

 

13. The number of zones inserted between two horizons depends on the number of [isochores,  3D surfaces, fault polygons] provided.

 

III. Put (√) or (X) beside the following sentences: 17 marks)

 

1. You can do facies modeling before scale up well logs                           (X).

 

2. You can do petrophysical modeling before scale up logs.                    (X).

 

3. You can do volumetric calculations before defining the fluid contacts.              (X).

 

4. You can not drop stoiip map on the depth surface.                             (√).

 

5. Stoiip map show you where in the highest concentration of oil.               (√).

 

6. Volumes can be calculated exactly within zones.                           (√).

 

7. The Contact Set can be created based on a constant depth value or a surface.     (√).

 

8. You can visualize the contact set in map view.                      (√).

 

9. You can not visualize the contact set as Property in 3D grid.              (X).

 

10. In the deterministic modeling (Petrophysical Modeling) the method for zones/facies is

                       Sequential Gaussian Simulation.                           (X). 

 

11. In the Stochastic modeling (Petrophysical Modeling) the method for zones/facies is

                       Moving average interpolation.                              (X).

 

12. The water saturation in the hydrocarbon zone is a function of height above the fluid

                     contact, permeability and porosity.                        (√).

  

13. Petrel format for fault polygons Zmap+ grid (ASCII) (*.*) and the type is surface.    (X).

 

 

14. Petrel format for Isochore Data  is Siseworks Horizon Pick (ASCII) (*.*).           (X).

 

 

15. Petrel format for Well heads is path/deviation ASCII (*.*).                 (X).

 

 

16. To import Seismic lines in Petrel 2007, the format is Zmap+ grid (ASCII) (*.*).      (X).

 

 

17. To import fault sticks in Petrel, the domain is elevation depth.                 (X).

 

 

IV. Write short note on: (40 marks)

5.      History of petrel software.                                    (10 marks)

6.      Petrel Geophysics.                                                 (10 marks)

7.      Petrel Geology.                                                       (10 marks)

8.      Petrel reservoir Engineering and drilling.          (10 marks)

 

1.      History of petrel software.

 

Petrel is a Schlumberger owned Windows PC software application intended to aggregate oil reservoir data from multiple sources.

Petrel Allows the user to interpret seismic data, build reservoir models suitable for simulation, submit and visualize simulation results, and design development strategies to maximize reservoir exploitation.

Petrel software – Norway-by company called Technoguide, 1996.

Petrel for PCs and  commercially available in 1998.

In 2002, Schlumberger acquired Technoguide and the Petrel software tools and they now currently support and market Petrel.

Petrel offers new functionality in each new release, not only in geological modeling but also seismic interpretation, uncertainty, well planning and links to the industry standard simulators, Eclipse and FrontSim.

 

2.      Petrel application in Geophysics.

 

1- Petrel seismic software allows for rapid 2D & 3D seismic interpretation.

2. Automated structural interpretation by automatically extracted horizons

    and fault surfaces

3. Exploration geophysics by Interpret  regional 2D and 3D projects at your 

    Pc desktop.

4. Domain conversion backwards and forwards between  time and depth

5. Seismic sampling by Convert your seismic data to depth and resample the

     seismic attribute into the 3D structural grid

6. Quickly visualize and detect anomalies in your seismic data and directly

      input the extracted objects into your 3D model for enhanced facies

      classification.

7. Synthetic seismogram as a bridge the gap between your time and depth

    domains.

 

3.      Petrel application in Geology.

 

Identifying and recovering hydrocarbons requires an accurate, high resolution geological model of the reservoir structure and stratigraphy. The geology capabilities found within Petrel, all seamlessly unified with the geophysical and reservoir engineering tools, enable an integrated study by providing an accurate static reservoir description that evolves with the reservoir.

With the new Petrel Fracture Modeling module you can create discrete fracture networks for fracture reservoirs based on well log interpretation and/or seismic data in 3D and integrate them seamlessly in the reservoir model. Upscale the fracture properties to the simulation model and use the results directly in simulation.

Display and organize your logs in a flexible 2D visualization environment. Edit well tops interactively in 2D or 3D and estimate logs using the powerful well log calculator.

Facies modeling: Estimate your facies distributions using a variety of pixel and object based stochastic and deterministic methods.

Petrophysical modeling: Distribute continuous petrophysical properties into your 3D model using an assortment of algorithms including 1, 2, 3D trends, facies models and seismic data.

Fault analysis by Calculating fluid flow properties and sealing potential for faults in a Petrel model. Use results directly in simulation without leaving Petrel

 

   4. Petrel applicatioreservoir Engineering and drilling.

With your reservoir model in place, use the Petrel simulation workflow to perform streamline simulation, reduce uncertainty and assist in future well planning. Advanced up-scaling techniques allow you to recreate geologically accurate models for full reservoir simulation.

Advanced Gridding and Upscaling

Resample and re-grid fine-scale geological models to coarser-scale simulation models using a wide range of upscaling techniques.

FrontSim
Rank and screen reservoir models in a dynamic environment by combining ECLIPSE FrontSim streamline technology with Petrel 3D modeling for more accurate production forecasting and better decisions.

History Match Analysis

Assists in the analysis of history matching studies by computing and visualizing statistics comparing simulated with actual history

Reservoir Engineering Core

Build and run your ECLIPSE simulation models and analyze your results directly from within Pe

 

Write on Editing key pillar in Petrel 2007       (50 marks)

                                                                                         

Model answer

Editing key pillar in Petrel 2007:

  After you have created a fault you may want to do some fine-tuning on a specific Key Pillar or on the whole fault. Petrel has the option to edit single Shape Points or pillars as well as a selection of Shape Points or pillars. To select more than one, press the Shift key as you make your selection. The Fault Modeling and hence editing of Key Pillars is a very important step in making an accurate and reliable Petrel model. The Key Pillars should describe the fault planes as defined by the input data. It is possible to edit on a complete fault, a single Key Pillar or a shape point X, Y and Z directions, which makes the editing on faults very flexible. Automatically constructed Key Pillars are often malformed and often it is necessary to add new Pillars between key pillars and to the end of a fault then modify their shape. You have to insert Key Pillars between existing pillars when a fault’s shape contains more detail than the existing Pillar spacing can represent. Use the tool for add Pillars to end of fault and add pillar between. Editing of shape points and/or entire Key Pillars will be required to more closely fit the input data. This editing may require adding more shape points to the pillar to achieve the desired form. All Key Pillars in a fault don’t necessarily need the same number of shape points.

To edit key pillars, follow the steps:

 

1.         Open a new 3D Window,

2.         Display a few of the faults (Key Pillars) to be edited,

3.         Toggle on the checkbox next to all of the faults in the Fault Model folder,

4.         Display available input data to use as a guide and be sure that the fault polygons or other data used to create the Pillars are visible in the 3D window,

5. Click on the Toggle fill icon to make it easier when editing the plane between Key Pillars is filled with color,

6. The tools used for moving points and lines in Petrel is the widget,

7. Knowing that select a Key Pillar by clicking on one of the shape points, the widget will appear. It consists of a plane and a cylinder,

8.     Click on the plane to turn it yellow and edit in a plane normal to the cylinder,

9.     Click on the cylinder (so it turns yellow) to edit along the tangent of the cylinder. Be sure that you are in the Set Select/Pick Mode [P]

10.   Press the left mouse button on the widget and move the Key Pillar or the shape point,

11.   Make sure the Move Along Line Tangent Only tool is active. This tool limits the movement to the tangent of the Key Pillar and it is a very intuitive way of editing the Key Pillars, as shown below

12.   To select only one shape point, make sure the Select Shape Points icon is active,

13.   To select an entire Key Pillar make the Select Pillars icon active as shown below. If you click on the line between Key Pillars, all shape points at that level will be selected,

14. If you click on the line between Key Pillars while having the “Select Pillars” icon active, all Key Pillars will be selected. To select only a few Key Pillars/shape points, click on those that you want to select while pressing the shift key,

15.   Check that the fault model has the correct orientation by displaying the top and base horizons. If not, edit them as described above.

 


آخر تحديث
8/23/2012 5:51:03 PM